Family-based immigration remains one of the most common and straightforward ways to obtain lawful permanent residence (a green card) in the United States. In 2025, while the core structure of this system remains unchanged, updated forms, timelines, and shifting immigration priorities make it important for applicants to stay informed.
This guide will walk you through who qualifies, how the application process works, and what to expect in terms of wait times and documentation.
What Is a Family-Based Green Card?
A family-based green card allows foreign nationals to become permanent residents of the U.S. through sponsorship by a qualifying family member who is a U.S. citizen or green card holder. It grants the right to live and work permanently in the U.S. and can eventually lead to citizenship.
There are two major categories of family-based immigration:
- Immediate Relatives: Includes spouses, unmarried children under 21, and parents of U.S. citizens (age 21+)
- Family Preference Categories: Includes siblings, married children, and relatives of green card holders
Who Can Sponsor You?
Only certain relatives can petition for a family-based green card. As of 2025, eligible petitioners include:
If the sponsor is a U.S. Citizen:
- Spouse
- Unmarried children under 21
- Parents (if the sponsor is over 21)
- Unmarried sons or daughters over 21
- Married sons or daughters
- Brothers or sisters (if the sponsor is over 21)
If the sponsor is a Green Card Holder:
- Spouse
- Unmarried children (any age)
Sponsors must:
- Be at least 18 years old
- Live in the U.S. or have proof of intent to re-establish domicile
- Meet certain income requirements to submit a financial affidavit of support (Form I-864)
Step-by-Step Application Process
Here’s a simplified overview of the family-based green card process in 2025:
Step 1: File the Petition (Form I-130)
The U.S. citizen or green card holder begins by filing Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
- Purpose: To establish the qualifying relationship
- Required: Proof of relationship (birth certificates, marriage license, etc.)
- Fee: $535 (as of 2025)
Step 2: Wait for Approval
USCIS reviews the petition, which can take several months depending on the relationship type and USCIS workload.
- Immediate relatives generally receive faster processing.
- Preference category applicants may face longer wait times due to annual caps.
Step 3: Wait for a Visa Number (if applicable)
Immediate relatives don’t need to wait for a visa number — theirs are always available. However, family preference category applicants must wait for a visa number to become available according to the Visa Bulletin, updated monthly by the U.S. Department of State.
Check here: Visa Bulletin – travel.state.gov
Step 4: Apply for the Green Card
There are two options, depending on whether the applicant is inside or outside the U.S.:
- Adjustment of Status (Form I-485) – if the applicant is in the U.S.
- Consular Processing – if the applicant is abroad, they attend an interview at a U.S. consulate
Step 5: Biometrics, Interview & Final Decision
Applicants must attend a biometric appointment (fingerprints and photo) and a final interview. USCIS or the consulate will make a decision after reviewing all documentation.
2025 Processing Timelines
Here are average wait times in 2025, though these may vary by country of origin and USCIS workload:
- Immediate relatives (spouse/parent/child): 12–18 months
- Green card holder sponsoring spouse/unmarried child: 18–36 months
- Sibling of U.S. citizen: 14–20 years (subject to visa backlogs)
To track case status: https://egov.uscis.gov/casestatus/landing.do
Key Documents You’ll Need
- Proof of relationship (birth, marriage, divorce, or adoption certificates)
- Valid passports and immigration history
- Affidavit of support (Form I-864)
- Proof of U.S. sponsor’s status
- Medical examination (Form I-693)
- Police clearance or criminal records (for consular processing)
What to Watch Out for in 2025
- Income Requirements: Sponsors must show income at 125% of the federal poverty level. For a family of 4, that’s around $39,000.
- Public Charge Rule: While less restrictive than in past years, applicants may still be evaluated for financial self-sufficiency.
- Document Consistency: Mismatches in names, birth dates, or prior marital status are major reasons for delays or denials.
- Unlawful Presence Bars: Entering or staying in the U.S. illegally can trigger multi-year bars unless you qualify for a waiver.
Real-World Example
Ana, a U.S. citizen, filed an I-130 for her mother in Colombia in early 2023. Her mother’s petition was approved in 5 months. In early 2024, the National Visa Center processed the case, and her mother had an interview at the consulate by the end of the year. She entered the U.S. in February 2025 with her immigrant visa and received her green card 4 weeks later.
Final Tips for Success
- Start early: Delays are common. Early filing avoids backlog surprises.
- Be thorough: Missing documents or errors are the top cause of rejection.
- Use reputable help: Avoid “notario” fraud. Always consult an experienced immigration attorney or accredited representative.
Final Word
Family-based green cards remain a powerful and compassionate cornerstone of U.S. immigration law. Whether you’re a spouse, parent, or sibling, understanding the process step by step in 2025 helps you avoid delays and build a secure path toward residency. With careful preparation and reliable guidance, your journey to reunification can begin on the right foot.
