Family-sponsored immigration remains one of the most common and accessible ways to get a U.S. green card. Whether you’re a spouse, child, parent, or sibling of a U.S. citizen—or a legal permanent resident—there may be a path for you to live in the United States permanently.
This guide explains how family-based green cards work in 2025, including who qualifies, how to apply, what documents are needed, and how long the process takes.
What Is a Family-Based Green Card?
A family-based green card allows a foreign national to become a lawful permanent resident (LPR) of the U.S. based on their close relationship with a U.S. citizen or green card holder. It gives the holder the legal right to live and work in the United States and eventually apply for U.S. citizenship.
Family-based green cards fall into two major categories:
- Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (unlimited number issued yearly)
- Family preference categories (subject to annual quotas and longer wait times)
Who Qualifies in 2025?
Immediate Relatives of U.S. Citizens
These applicants have the fastest path because there are no annual limits:
- Spouses of U.S. citizens
- Unmarried children under 21 of U.S. citizens
- Parents of U.S. citizens (petitioner must be at least 21)
Family Preference Categories
These categories have annual caps and longer wait times:
- F1: Unmarried adult children (21+) of U.S. citizens
- F2A: Spouses and unmarried children (under 21) of green card holders
- F2B: Unmarried adult children (21+) of green card holders
- F3: Married children of U.S. citizens
- F4: Brothers and sisters of U.S. citizens (petitioner must be at least 21)
Each category has a priority date and visa bulletin tracking system due to limited annual visa numbers.
Step-by-Step Application Process
The process varies slightly depending on whether the applicant is inside or outside the U.S., but here’s a general overview:
Step 1: Petition by U.S. Sponsor (Form I-130)
- The U.S. citizen or LPR files Form I-130 with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
- This form proves the family relationship
- You’ll need supporting documents (birth certificates, marriage licenses, proof of citizenship)
✅ Timeline: 8–15 months on average for I-130 approval
Step 2: Wait for Priority Date (If in a Preference Category)
- Check the Visa Bulletin monthly
- Immediate relatives don’t wait—but preference categories may wait years depending on the category and country
Step 3: Apply for Green Card
- If already in the U.S.: File Form I-485 (Adjustment of Status)
- If abroad: Apply through consular processing with the National Visa Center (NVC) and your local U.S. embassy or consulate
✅ Timeline: I-485 or consular processing typically takes 8–14 months after I-130 approval
Step 4: Biometrics and Background Checks
- USCIS will schedule a biometrics appointment
- A background check is required as part of the process
Step 5: Green Card Interview
- Required for almost all applicants
- Conducted at a local USCIS office or U.S. consulate
- Bring original documents and proof of relationship
Step 6: Approval and Green Card Issuance
- After approval, you’ll receive your green card in the mail
- It’s typically valid for 10 years (or 2 years if conditional, such as for new marriages)
Commonly Required Documents
- Government-issued photo ID
- Birth certificates (translated if not in English)
- Marriage certificate (if applicable)
- Divorce or death certificates for previous marriages
- Evidence of bona fide relationship (joint leases, photos, children’s birth certificates)
- Passport-style photos
- Form I-864 Affidavit of Support (to show financial ability of the U.S. sponsor)
How Long Does the Process Take in 2025?
Timelines depend on many factors:
| Category | Average Timeline (2025) |
|---|---|
| Spouse of U.S. citizen | 12–20 months |
| Spouse of green card holder (F2A) | 18–30 months |
| Parent of U.S. citizen | 12–20 months |
| Sibling of U.S. citizen (F4) | 14–20+ years (based on country) |
| Married child of U.S. citizen (F3) | 8–12+ years (based on country) |
Be sure to check the USCIS Processing Times Tool and the monthly Visa Bulletin for updates.
How Much Does It Cost?
Typical government fees (as of 2025):
- Form I-130: $675
- Form I-485 (if adjusting status): $1,440
- Biometrics: Included in most cases
- Medical exam: $200–$500 (varies by provider)
Legal assistance can add $1,500–$4,000 depending on the complexity of your case.
Can the Green Card Be Denied?
Yes. Common reasons include:
- Insufficient evidence of relationship
- Past immigration violations
- Criminal history or inadmissibility
- Fraud or misrepresentation
- Financial ineligibility of sponsor
To reduce risk, prepare documents carefully and consult with an immigration attorney if unsure.
Tips for a Smooth Process
- Start early: Processing backlogs are common
- Keep copies: Of everything submitted to USCIS or NVC
- Track your case: Use the USCIS online portal with your receipt number
- Attend all appointments: Missing interviews or biometrics will delay or end your case
- Be honest: Misrepresentation is a serious violation and can lead to a lifetime ban
